UK shop timelines, numbers of stores – For Tesco only
Fop other stores, see Supermarket timelines – non-Tesco
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Tesco
Tesco House, PO Box 18, Delamere Road, Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire, EN8 9SL, 01992 632 222.
www.tesco.com
Tesco general chronology
(see below for Tesco international
expansion)
(see below for Tesco corporate takeovers and sales)
(see below for product diversification)
(see below for Tesco store numbers)
(see below for Tesco CSR initiatives)
The
start of Tesco
Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen; born 1898, he was the son of East European Jewish migrants, and learnt the hard end of the grocery trade from the street market stalls of east London. In 1919 Mr Cohen began selling NAAFI surplus vegetables from a stall in East London, financing this by investing his £30 serviceman’s gratuity after serving in the Flying Corps. On the first day he made £1 profit. Mr Cohen soon acquired the nickname ‘Slasher Jack’ from the way he ruthlessly cut grocery prices (see ‘Piggly Wiggly’stores). In 1929 Mr Cohen began selling his groceries from fixed shops. The name Tesco first appeared on a lock-up store in Burnt Oak, near Edgware, north London; the company ‘Tesco’ was founded in 1932. The name ‘Tesco’, derived from T E Stockwell (Jack Cohen’s tea supplier) and Jack Cohen, was first used on tea, in 1924.
In the 1930s, Tesco moved into fixed shop premises in the new London suburbs, at cheap rents. Mr Cohen opened a second market stall in Tooting, south London, in 1930, and Tesco stores opened in Becontree (east London) and Edmonton (north London) in 1931[1]. Note that whilst today these are lower-class suburbs, in the 1930s they were middle class districts. Mr Cohen’s ambition was to bring cheap groceries to the moderately affluent, and they loved it.
The move to self-service
1946, Jack Cohen visited the USA and was impressed by the self-service system at their supermarkets. This enabled more people to be served faster, with lower labour costs. In 1950, The Tesco branch in St Albans, small by 21st century standards (200 square metres) was the first Tesco to be converted to self service. This, or the Sainsbury Croydon branch, also converted to self service in 1950, was the UK’s first self-service supermarket.
The move to supermarkets
1956, Tesco
opened its first supermarket, in a former cinema at Maldon, Essex.
1961 Tesco opened a 1,600 square metre (sales area) supermarket in Leicester, which was in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest store in Europe
1967, Tesco opened a 9,600 square metre store at Westbury, Wiltshire; this was exceptionally large for its time.
1968 The term ‘superstore’ was first applied to a Tesco store; to its branch at Crawley, West Sussex.
The
abolition of RPM (Tescopolitics)
1960s, Tesco lobbied Parliament to have RPM (Resale Price Maintenance) abolished, its efforts supported by Edward Heath. RPM had forbidden retailers, who could buy in bulk, from undercutting the prices of smaller shops, so protecting smaller retailers. Large retailers such as Tesco got around this by issuing stamps with purchases, and these stamps could be redeemed for catalogue goods, an effective discount.
1964, Parliament in the UK passed the Resale Prices Act, abolishing RPM. By 1979, RPM only remained on books and pharmaceutical goods.
Tesco; the modern era
1973. The oil price shock led to a three-day week in the UK, and a recession. Tesco responded by ditching Green Shield Stamps and replacing them with lower prices. Green Shield Stamps finally disappeared in 1979.
1979, Terry
Leahy joined Tesco, as a marketing executive.
1982, Tesco first used computerised checkouts. Tesco had 70 ‘superstores’.
1985, Tesco opened its 100th superstore (in Brent Park, Neasden, London)
1991 Tesco became Britain’s biggest independent petrol retailer. Offering cheap petrol was one way the supermarkets could persuade more customers with cars to come and shop there.
1992, Tesco began opening small format ‘Metro’ stores, the first was at Covent Garden, central London. This was to catch the office worker and tourist trade, people who might not have the time to shop at a larger supermarket.
1994 Tesco began opening ‘Express’ stores. The first was on a garage forecourt in Barnes, south-west London.
1994 Tesco launched its Clubcard, a loyalty card giving shoppers effectively 1% off their shopping bill, or more if there were special bonus points awarded. These loyalty cards were once seem by the supermarkets as a way of persuading shoppers to stick with one store, hence the name, but shoppers simply obtained all the ‘loyalty cards’ going and continued to use different stores. However the main value of the card to the shop was that, linked to other electronic data such as credit card addresses, it gave a detailed profile of shopper habits and preferences, even the times they shopped. This could be used to target the supermarket’s own direct mailing, or the information could be sold as a valuable commodity to other marketers. Also, the cards initially produced more information than the supermarkets could possibly handle, although rapid advances in computer processing power are ameliorating that problem. Nevertheless, some stores have dropped their loyalty cards in favour of the competitive edge of lower prices.
1996, Tesco
overtook Sainsbury in market share to become the UK’s biggest supermarket.
1997, Tesco opened the first of its ‘Extra’ format large stores at Pitsea, Essex. This store had around 10,000 square metres sales area.
1998, Following a deregulation of UK shop opening hours in 1987, Tesco now had 28 stores opening 24 hours a day except Sundays, when a maximum of six hours opening were now allowed.
March 1999, Tesco now had 83 stores on 24-hour opening.
2000, Tesco launched Tesco.com.
8/2000 Tesco now had 230 stores open ’24 hours’. The 1950 Shops Act had prohibited Sunday opening or shops open after 8pm on weekdays. Only ‘perishable items’ could be sold on a Sunday. In practice, small ‘corner’ shops widely flouted this restriction, and local councils turned a blind eye, but the Act was enforced for larger shops. In any case, what was ‘perishable’ was highly complex to define, and led to anomalies such as it being legal to sell periodicals, such as pornographic magazines, on a Sunday, but not books, for example Bibles. The 1950 Shops Act was repealed in 1994, and Sunday opening allowed for up to 6 hours. Thereafter, many large supermarkets were open from Monday morning to Saturday evening, and from 10-4, or less often 11-5, on Sundays.
5/2003, TESCO
ENTERED THE TOP TEN OF WORLD RETAILERS.
It leapt from no.11 in 2002 to 8th in 2003, due to a series
of acquisitions and worldwide expansion as well as organic growth. Non-UK trade now accounts for 18% of Tesco’s
total sales.
8/2004. Tesco now sells 840 million litres of milk a year, 12% of all milk sold in the UK.
2/2005, Verdict reported that Tesco had, by end-2004, a 5% share of local convenience-store food retailing, up 1% in a year; in 1999 Tesco had just 0.9% of neighbourhood food retailing. This put Tesco just behind the shares of the Co-op (5.5%), Spar (5.4%), and Musgrave (5.3%) (Musgrave has gained market share by its takeover of Londis). Somerfield had a 3.1% share of local food retailing.
2/2006 Tesco announced plans to open ‘hundreds’ of convenience stores, similar to its successful ‘Express’ format in the UK, on the west coast of the USA. UK retailers have frequently faced difficulties on attempting an entry into the US market, but anti-monopoly policies in Europe have restricted Tesco’s available avenues for expansion. The first Tesco US stores are to open in late 2007 in southern California, Arizona, and Nevada (Financial Times, 28 June 2007, p.9). Most of the new stores will be in the prosperous suburbs of cities like Los Angeles, San Diego, Phoenix, and Las Vegas. However some Tesco stores will be in deprived, mainly Hispanic-populated, inner suburbs, far from existing major supermarkets, where there are only small independent stores with high food prices. Many of these independent stores will likely be forced to close, even as the more efficient ones reduce prices and improve their offering to try and match Tesco. On average, local grocery prices in these deprived neighbourhoods will fall, but some people may have a longer journey to get their daily foodstuffs.
12/2009, Tesco began re-fascia-ing some of its garage forecourt stores to the One-Stop format. Tesco acquired the One Stop fascia in 10/2002 when it bought the T & S chain; as detailed below (see Tesco corporate takeovers and sales), some One Stop fascias were retained, although under Tesco ownership. There were suspicions that this would facilitate Tesco charging higher prices at these smaller stores than if they were fascia-ed as Tesco, since many shoppers are unaware that Tesco in fact owns One Stop (The Grocer, 19/12/2009, p.10).
Tesco international expansion (see also Tesco corporate takeovers and sales)
1994 Tesco entered Hungary, purchasing the Globus chain. Tesco’s first entry to Eastern Europe.
1995 Tesco entered Poland, purchasing the Savia
chain. The first Tesco supermarket in
Poland was a 10,000 square metre store in Wroclaw, opened 18 November 1998. By 2009 Tesco had 301 stores, with 24,780
staff, in Poland.
1996 Tesco entered the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
1997 Tesco entered Ireland.
11/1997, Tesco opened its second hypermarket in Hungary.
1997 Tesco entered Thailand.
1999 Tesco entered South Korea. In May 2008
Tesco bought 36 stores in the Seoul area from E-Land, for £1,000 million. Tesco
had (2010) 300 stores in South Korea; these gave Tesco £4,000 million sales and
£300 million profit in 2010.
2000 Tesco entered Taiwan.
2001 Tesco entered Malaysia
2003 Tesco entered Turkey and Japan.
2004 Tesco entered China.
2005,
Tesco exited Taiwan; its stores were
handed to Carrefour in exchange for Carrefour’s stores in the Czech Republic
and Slovakia, reinforcing Tesco’s already-successful presence in those
countries
2007, January, Tesco
opened a store in China, in the eastern suburbs of Beijing. This store was
under the Tesco fascia; Tesco also owned 90% of the Chinese Hymall chain of 46 stores, which will
soon also be re-fascia-ed as Tesco.
2007, Tesco entered the USA. It opened Fresh and Easy stores, the first was in California. However by early 2009 there were signs that
the Fresh and easy format was not doing as well as Tesco first hoped. The Credit Crunch, which began in the US as
households there began to default on over-extended mortgages, did not help; it
was also possible that Tesco researchers had overestimated the balance of fresh
food as against frozen ready meals consumed by US households (see ‘Marketing’,
4/3/2009, p.20). See Grocery Retailing in the USA for further
details
2008, Tesco began
operating its smaller Express format in China; the first such store was in Shanghai.
2008, Tesco was
considering entering Russia, as consumer
wealth and spending rose rapidly there.
Problems include bureaucracy and the large distances between major
cities, creating difficulties in setting up cost-efficient distribution
networks.
2010 Tesco bids for Carrefour’s stores in Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore;
Carrefour has announced it is pulling out of these countries, because it would
never be the market leader there.
2011 Tesco exited from Japan. Problems included the Japanese consumer
preference for small purchases from local shops, and for using vending
machines.
Tesco corporate takeovers and sales
The UK
1955 Tesco bought Burnards,
with 50 London stores.
1957, Tesco bought Williamsons,
with 70 stores.
1959 Tesco bought Harrow
Stores, with 20 branches.
1960 Tesco bought John
Irwins, with 212 stores in the north west of England.
1964 Tesco bought Charles
Phillips, with 97 stores.
1968 Tesco bought the Victor
Value chain, with 280 stores.
1986, Tesco sold the Victor Value chain of
supermarkets.
1987, 15 May, Tesco bought the Hilliards chain of 40
supermarkets for £223 million. Hilliards,
a Yorkshire-based company, then had a market share of around 1%.
1993, Tesco bought the Catteau
chain, France, for £150 million.
9/1993, Tesco bought the William Low chain of
supermarkets for £257 million. William Low was based in Dundee and had
57 stores in Scotland and northern England.
1994, Tesco bought a £20 million
share in the Global chain, Hungary.
1997, Tesco bought the Lotus chain
of supermarkets, 13 supermarkets, in Thailand.
1997, Tesco bought Powers
(Ireland), for £643 million.
10/2002 Tesco bought the T & S chain of 1,202
convenience stores in the UK for £377 million. The T & S fascia (One Stop, Day and Nite) was retained in certain stores where
conversion to a full Tesco Express format was difficult. Difficulties might
include the store being too small, being built on a multi-level basis, lacking
adequate car parking, or being somewhat run-down.
1/2004 Tesco bought the Adminstore company, 45 stores,
for £54,000,000, giving it control of fascias such as Europa, Cullens, and Harts
(Guardian, 23/1/04, p.22). The premises
will be rebranded as Tesco Express. Many
of these stores are in the more affluent areas of west London, promising rich
pickings for Tesco.
Adminstore was founded by Mr Jitu Patel, whose first shop opened in
1979, and it bought the Europa chain
in1985. Because Tesco only has 5% of the
grocery convenience market, the deal was unlikely to be referred to the
Competition Commission. However Bill
Grimsey, Chief Executive of the Big Food group, owners of Iceland supermarkets,
hit back at this, saying that this ‘5%’ is a fiction; in reality Tesco has a
huge share of the total UK grocery market. Mr Grimsey wants the Competition Commission to
look at the overall UK grocery market share of Tesco, not its convenience
market share. The Tesco purchase was
also opposed by the Association of Convenience Stores and the Federation of
Wholesale Distributors.
Ireland
1979, Tesco bought the Three Guys
chain
1997 Tesco Ireland
was formed from the Tesco acquisitions of Quinnsworth and Crazy Prices,
together known as Power Supermarkets Ltd.
2006, 39 stores
2009, 100 stores
Poland
11/1995, Tesco
bought Savia, a chain of 36 stores.
6/2002, In Poland
Tesco bought the HIT chain from
Dohle Gruppe, gaining 13 hypermarkets. Tesco
was expanding into eastern Europe, a growth area since the fall of Communism.
Poland, with a large population and potential economies of scale, was
especially attractive.
2003, Tesco had 66
stores in Poland
2006, Tesco bought
Casino’s (French supermarket) Polish stores, the ‘Leader’ chain. Casino had sold these to cut the debt it
owed.
2006, 80 stores
2009, 301 stores
France
12/1992, Tesco bought the Catteau chain of 90
supermarkets in France.
2/1998, Tesco sold
the Catteau chain (France).
Hungary
6/1994 Tesco bought 51% of Global (a
chain of 43 stores)
1996 Tesco bought 6 stores from
K-Mart.
2003, Tesco had 53 stores in
Hungary
2006, Tesco had 88 stores in
Hungary, generating sales of around £500 million a year. Czech shoppers spend
(2006) around £800 a year on food, and are very price-conscious (Daily Mail,
p.76, 24/10/06)
Czech Republic (including Slovakia
before these two countries split)
1994, Tesco bought the K-Mart chain
of 13 stores.
2003, 17 stores
2006, 27 stores
12/2007, 93 stores
Slovakia
2003, 17 stores
2006, 31 stores
Turkey
2003 Tesco bought
a majority stake in the small (5-store) Turkish supermarket chain Kipa. Tesco aims for 30 supermarkets
and convenience stores in Turkey by early 2007, generating sales of £250
million annually (Daily Mail, p.76, 24/10/06),
and says there may be scope for over 200 Tesco shops there eventually.
2006, 6 stores
India. Tesco is expanding into India. By 2010 it had become supplier to Star Bazaar,
the retail part of the Tata group, and also has plans for its own Tesco cash
and carry stores in India for late-2010.
Thailand
1997, Tesco bought a 75% share of the Lotus chain of 13 stores
in Thailand; the company’s first venture into Asia. Lotus stores have aisles selling food
offerings for monasteries. However the
Thai government is (since ca. 2000) resisting foreign supermarket expansion
into its retail sector.
2006, 217 stores
2009, 476 stores
2011, 782 stores,
38,395 employees
China
7/2004. Tesco expanded into China; buying a £140 million
(50%) stake in the supermarket chain Hymall. Hymall had opened
its first store in 1998 and is (2004) owned by Ting Hsin, a Taiwanese company
itself owned by Ting Cao. In 2004, Hymall had 25 hypermarkets in China,
including 10 in Shanghai, and has plans to open 10 more per year. Because of
its recent accession to the WTO, China has begun to lift restrictions on
foreigner investment in its companies. Under Tesco, Hymall is expanding;
it plans to open a further 10 hypermarkets in 2005, to add to the 29 it already
(2004) leases in east and northeast China, including 11 in Shanghai.
In 2007 Tesco opened a Tesco-fascia-ed store in the eastern suburbs of
Beijing,
2006, 39 stores
2009, 71 stores. 18 more hypermarkets to open by February 2010
2011, 105 stores,
27,096 employees.
Taiwan
2000, Tesco bought 1 Makro store.
2006, 6 stores
South Korea
1999 Tesco entered
a partnership with Samsung.
4/1999, Tesco
bought Homeplus, with its 2 stores.
4/2006, Tesco bid
for Carrefour’s stores in South Korea (Times
Business, 14/4/06, p.62). Tesco was no.2 retailer in S Korea with 55 stores, including 36 hypermarkets,
behind the leader E-Mart. Acquiring Carrefour’s stores would make it no.1 in S
Korea.
2006, 60 stores
2011, 354 stores, 23,131 employees, £4,984
million
Japan
7/2003 Tesco bought the C-Two-Network, a chain of 78
convenience stores in Tokyo, costing Tesco £140 million.
2004, Tesco bought
the bankrupt Fre’c chain. Fre’c
was a chain of 27 local grocery stores in Tokyo. The fresh-food chain had annual sales of £146
million in the year to March 2003, but debts of £53 million. The Japanese State backed Industrial
Revitalisation Corporation (IRC) is handling the sale to Tesco. The IRC is attempting to get the majority of
Fre’c debtors to write off their loans, but Tesco will take on a debt of around
£16 million with the Fre’c stores. Tesco
hopes to cash in on Fre’c’s knowledge of the Japanese fresh produce market and
on C-Two’s links to Japan’s processed food wholesale markets and distribution.
2006, 111 stores
2009, 125 stores
2011, 140 stores,
4,367 employees
2011, Tesco
exitted Japan
Malaysia
2001, Tesco
entered a joint venture with Sime Darby Bhd; Tesco’s share was 70%.
12/2006, Tesco
acquired 8 Makro Cash and Carry stores to convert to its Tesco Extra
hypermarket format.
2006, 13 stores
2011, 38 stores,
11,023 employees
USA
2009, Tesco had
115 Fresh & Easy stores. However Tesco’s entry into the USA coincided
with the start of the Credit Crunch, the stores were yet to achieve maturity,
and the distribution system was geared for a larger network than initially
existed, to allow for future expansion.
Losses for Tesco’s USA operation were £142 million, 2008/9. This followed a £67 million loss in
2007/8.
By the end of 2009, there were
125 Fresh & Easy stores in
southern California (Financial/Times 4 January 2010), rather short of the 500
originally planned for February 2010. Expansion
into northern California has been delayed.
Sales for the 1st half 2010 are projected to be around UK£
160 million, whilst half-yearly losses were projected to stabilise at UK£ 80
million, for the Fresh & Easy venture; this has to be seen in the
perspective of Tesco’s overall, profits of in excess of UK£1,500 million per
half-year at this time.
In 2010 the 170-store Fresh & Easy chain made a loss of £186 million,
on sales of £502 million. Break-even was
hoped for by 2012.
Tesco product
diversification
|
1960 |
Non-food products |
|
1974 |
petrol |
|
1993 |
Wild venison, from Scotland |
|
1996 |
Internet shopping |
|
1996 |
Tesco Personal Finance |
|
1997 |
Tesco credit card |
|
1999 |
Mobile phones |
|
2000 |
Life insurance (Norwich
Union) |
|
2004 |
Mortgages |
|
2007 |
Property conveyancing
service |
|
2010 |
Tresco began building
flats/houses |
2011, Tesco now
sell, amongst other things – beauty services, hairdressing, pawnbroking,
engagement rings, estate agency services, houses, divorce services, and
wetsuits. Online, there is now
Tescocars.com, selling second hand cars.
2011, Tesco
announced plans to enter the ‘beauty’ market.
Treatments such as leg waxing, make-up advice, tanning, and hairdressing
are to be offered in a move whoch wpould challenge both Boots and many
independent beauty, hiardressing, salons.
Botox and brush-up with your baked beans, anyone?
May 2011 – is there life beyond Tesco?
Now you can live in a Tesco house, bought through Tesco’s conveyancing
service, with money saved at Tesco’s Bank (sorry, you’ll have to buy the
electricity and gas from Sainsburys); stock it with Tesco electronic goods and
Tesco furniture (yes they sell beds and wardrobes too, but not antiques as yet),
wear Tesco clothes, eat Tesco food, commute to a job at Tesco on a Tesco moped,
or in a Tesco second hand car, fuelled by Tesco petrol, and if you fall ill, phone
work on a Tesco mobile and then medicate with products from Tesco pharmacy,
ordered online on Tesco’s Internet site.
Tesco won’t get you a GP though. Get
engaged with a Tesco ring, (you can always divorce using Tesco too), but don’t
have any children, as Tesco don’t do childcare services. You’ll also have to
co-habit, as Tesco don’t do weddings. Holidays?
– visit a different Tesco village, or go diving in a Tesco wetsuit. Education? - go to a school in the new Tesco
villages. Wash your clothes in a Tesco
washing machine, although if it breaks down, Tesco don’t do Laundromat
services. When you die, your funeral
service can be paid for through a Tesco Funeral Plan (make sure you used
Tesco’s DIY will-writing pack, although Tesco don’t offer legal services if
there’s a dispute – that won’t bother you anyway).
Tesco only need to run a hospital, a honeymoon suite, and
warm their stores using heat from the crematorium (yes, some crematoria are
considering re-cycling the heat they generate, but Tesco isn’t in on
this...yet) and your entire life, from pre-conception to post death, could be
lived inside Tesco.
Tesco store numbers
|
Year |
Store numbers (UK) |
Store numbers (non-UK) |
Total store numbers |
|
1931 |
4 |
|
|
|
1939 |
100 |
|
|
|
1955 |
150 |
|
|
|
1959 |
400 |
|
|
|
1972 |
790 |
|
|
|
1974 |
771 |
|
|
|
1979 |
571 |
|
|
|
1980 |
532 |
|
|
|
1983 |
369 |
|
|
|
1984 |
369 |
|
|
|
1987 |
377 |
|
|
|
1990 |
379 |
|
|
|
1993 |
|
|
428 |
|
1994 |
416 |
103 |
519 |
|
1995 |
519 |
|
513 |
|
1996 |
545 |
|
566 |
|
1997 |
568 |
|
572 |
|
1998 |
618 |
|
|
|
1999 |
639 |
182 |
821 |
|
2000 |
659 |
186 |
845 |
|
2001 |
692 |
215 |
907 |
|
2002 |
730 |
221 |
951 |
|
2003 |
1,982 |
309 |
2,291 |
|
2004 |
1,877 |
441 |
2,318 |
|
2005 |
1,779 * |
586 |
2,365 |
|
2006 |
1,897 |
775 |
2,672 |
|
2007 |
|
|
|
|
2008 |
|
|
|
|
2009 |
2,282 |
2,018 |
4,300 |
|
2010 |
2,482 |
|
|
|
2011 |
2,703* |
2,750 |
5,453 |
|
Year |
Store numbers (UK) |
Store numbers (non-UK) |
Total store numbers |
1956, Tesco opened its first supermarket in a former cinema
in Maldon, Essex.
1968 Tesco opened its first superstore, at Crawley,
Sussex.
During the 1970s many small inner city stores were closed. They were too small to have adequate economies of scale and
were in areas of low spending power. Of
the 518 Tesco stores of under 500 square metres sales area in 1972, just 190
remained by 1980. However improved computer and distribution technology means
the smaller stores now operated by the main supermarket chains in the 21st
century now can enjoy economies of scale similar to the larger superstores.
(A
West, ‘Handbook of Retailing’, 1988, pp.39-40), (The Times, 10/2/2006, p.48)
* 2005, Tesco now has 100 Extra hypermarkets, 446 superstores, 160
Metro stores, 546 Express neighbourhood stores, and 527 T & S stores not
bearing the Tesco fascia
Tesco Ireland is now the
largest food retailer in Ireland, with 79 stores and employing 10,200 people.
Tesco CSR initiatives
1985, Tesco launched a ‘healthy eating’ initiative.
1988, Tesco began supporting a ‘Charity of the Year’.
1990, Tesco supported
the environment by introducing ‘bags for life’.
1992 Tesco began its ‘Computers for Schools’ initiative. By
2004, a total of £77 million worth of computers had been supplied to some 24,000
schools participating in this scheme.
2001, Tesco
established a Corporate Responsibility committee, and produced its first CSR
(Corporate Social Responsibility) report. Tesco began a mobile phone recycling
scheme.
2002, Tesco CSR
initiatives included a Christmas Card recycling scheme, inkjet cartridge
recycling, and the introduction of a Group Human Rights Policy.
2004 Tesco began to supply biodegradable carrier bags, and
trials in the use of solar energy for its stores.
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